What might cause an increase in symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

High-fat meals can lead to an increase in symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) because they tend to relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES is a critical muscle that acts as a barrier between the stomach and the esophagus. When this muscle relaxes inappropriately, it can allow stomach acid to flow back up into the esophagus, resulting in the typical symptoms of GERD such as heartburn and regurgitation. High-fat foods not only potentially weaken this muscle but may also slow down gastric emptying, leading to increased pressure in the stomach, which can exacerbate reflux.

In contrast, regular exercise is generally beneficial for overall digestive health—though excessive high-impact activities immediately after eating could lead to symptoms, moderate exercise is unlikely to worsen GERD. Consuming water usually helps dilute stomach acid and is unlikely to provoke GERD symptoms. Taking antacids is specifically designed to provide relief from gastric acid, thereby alleviating GERD symptoms rather than worsening them.